Soap Analysis

Amphoteric surfactants

2010-12-01T21:52:00.000-08:00

It is interesting to note that in the case of amphoteric surfactants, the hydrophobic fatty chain is attached to a hydrophilic group containing both positive & negative charges.

Non ionic surfactants

2010-12-01T21:48:00.000-08:00

Do you know anything about non ionic surfactants? Remember that in the case of non ionic surfactants, the hydrophobic chain is attached to an uncharged hydrophilic chain or group.

Difference between anionic surfactants & cationic surfactants

2010-12-01T21:40:00.000-08:00

In the case of anionic surfactants the fatty hydrophobic chain is attached to a hydrophilic negatively charged group. But for cationic surfactants the fatty hydrophobic chain is attached to a hydrophilic positively charged group.

Applications of cationic surfactants

2010-12-01T21:34:00.000-08:00

The applications of cationic surfactants are

Fabric softening
Antibacterial agents
Corrosion inhibition
Cosmetic lotions
Additives in petroleum applications

Name the fattyacid esters used in hand creams & lotions

2010-10-05T04:23:00.000-07:00

Butyl stearate
Isopropyl palmitate
Isopropyl myristate

Another name for surfactants

2010-09-16T23:44:00.001-07:00

Surface active agents

Mention the important properties involved in the cleansing action of soap

2010-09-16T23:42:00.000-07:00

Lowering of surface tension
Emulsifying fats & oils

Name the most abundant unsaturated fattyacid

2010-09-14T23:43:00.000-07:00

Oleic acid

What is the IUPAC name for palmitic acid?

2010-09-14T23:40:00.000-07:00

1 hexadecanoic acid & is represented as CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH.

Myristic acid

2010-09-14T23:36:00.000-07:00

The IUPAC name for myristic acid is 1 tetradecanoic acid. This is represented as CH₃(CH₂)₁₂COOH. The common source for myristic acid is nutmeg seed oil.

Oleic acid

2010-09-13T22:41:00.000-07:00

Oleic acid is 9 octadecanoic acid. This is represented as CH₃(CH₂)₁₆COOH

Arachidic acid

2010-09-13T22:36:00.000-07:00

Arachidic acid is represented as CH₃(CH₂)₁₈COOH. Remember that the IUPAC name for arachidic acid is 1 Eicosanoic acid .

What are the fattyacid esters used in handcreams & lotions?

2010-08-15T23:27:00.000-07:00

Butyl stearate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate

What is the thickening & stabilising agent in cream shampoos based upon lauryl sulphate?

2010-06-10T23:37:00.000-07:00

Na stearate

Which is more soluble & having lower alkalinity, amine soap or K soap?

2010-06-10T23:34:00.000-07:00

Amine soap

what are used as opacifiers in shampoos?

2010-06-10T23:32:00.000-07:00

Mg & Zn stearates

Soaps of coconut fattyacid provide superior lathering characteristics in liquid shampoos..why?

2010-06-10T23:29:00.000-07:00

It is due to their lauric & myristic acid components...

what is the role of coconut fattyacid soaps in liquid shampoos?

2010-06-10T23:27:00.000-07:00

To provide superior lathering characteristics...

What is the role of oleic acid soaps in liquid shampoos?

2010-06-10T23:25:00.000-07:00

To provide good detergent action..

What are the general components of liquid soap?

2010-06-10T23:24:00.000-07:00

Potassium or amine soaps of oleic & coconut fatty acid...

What are Aerosol shaving creams?

2010-06-10T23:08:00.000-07:00

Aerosol shaving creams are soap & vanishing cream solution mixed with a propellant.They contain mixture of stearic acid & stripped coconut fattyacid neutralised with triethanol amine.

What is used as an emollient in hair dressings?

2010-06-02T05:02:00.000-07:00

Fatty acid amide

In hair dressings(w/o type) what is the preferred emulsifier?

2010-06-02T04:58:00.000-07:00

Calcium oleate & magnesium oleate with stearic & oleic acid.

What is used as an auxillary emulsifier in hair dressings?

2010-06-02T04:56:00.000-07:00

Glyceryl monostearate(2%)

If low viscosity product is required in hair dressings(o/w type) what is the preferred emulsifier?

2010-06-02T04:52:00.000-07:00

Triethanolamine oleate

What is the function of binding material in eye cosmetics?

2010-06-02T04:50:00.000-07:00

They function as non-ionic emulsifier.

In eye cosmetics what is used as a binding material(5%) ?

2010-06-02T04:41:00.000-07:00

Glyceryl monostearate or propylene glycol monostearate

In eye cosmetics what are the contents used to reduce the hardness & brittleness when excessive carnauba wax is used?

2010-06-02T04:35:00.000-07:00

Small amounts of lanolin or a fattyacid ester.

What is the preferred emulsifier (o/w type) in hair dressings?

2010-06-02T04:28:00.000-07:00

Triethanolamine stearate(5-7%)

Isopropyl myristate is preferable than isopropyl palmitate in eye makeup removers. why?

2010-06-02T04:23:00.000-07:00

Due to low viscosity

What are the constituents of eye make up removers?

2010-06-02T04:19:00.000-07:00

Light mineral oil (75%) either alone or mixed with a fatty acid ester like isopropyl myristate (25%)

What type of oils are used in eye make up removers?

2010-06-02T04:17:00.000-07:00

Low viscosity oils

What is the 10% content present in cake eyeliner?

2010-06-02T04:16:00.000-07:00

Zinc stearate

What is the 50% content present in powder eyebrow?

2010-06-02T04:15:00.000-07:00

Magnesium stearate

What are used as anionic emulsifiers in mascara?

2010-06-02T04:11:00.000-07:00

Triethanolamine soaps

What do you mean by soft water?

2010-05-27T23:47:00.000-07:00

Type of water that easily produces a lot of lather with soap

Note on Soap

2010-05-27T23:44:00.000-07:00

Soaps are mixtures of sodium salts of higher fatty acids(palmitic, stearic & oleic acids). It is used for washing clothes, to remove dirt & oil or grease by forming emulsions with water.

Calculation For Total Fatty Matter Of Soap

2010-05-23T22:16:00.000-07:00

The experiment related to Total Fatty Matter of soap is written in the previous post.

Calculation of TFM is as follows:

Weight of conical flask + soap( after drying)

Weight of conical flask alone

Initial weight of soap taken

TFM = (Weight of conical flask + soap (after drying)- Weight of conical flask alone)/Initial weight of soap taken)*100

What are the merits & demerits of coconut oil present in toilet soap?

2010-05-23T22:13:00.000-07:00

Favours lathering power
Causes skin irritation

What type of synthetic detergents are used in toilet soaps?

2010-05-23T22:05:00.000-07:00

High foaming synthetic detergents

What is used in bath preparations to favour foaming & prevent precipitation of the soap around the sides of tub?

2010-05-23T21:48:00.000-07:00

Surface active agents

Determination Of Total Alkali As Na2O in Washing Soap

2010-05-22T02:11:00.000-07:00

AIM:
To determine the total alkali as Na₂O in the given sample of sunlight bar soap.
REAGENTS:

Methyl orange indicator
Distilled water: 30ml
N/2 Standard HCl

APPARATUS:

Conical flask
Water bath
Burette
Electronic balance

PROCEDURE:

Weigh accurately 10gm of the sliced soap sample using an electronic balance.
Note the weight taken.
Put the weighed sample into a clean conical flask.
Add 30ml distilled water.
Gently warm on a water bath to dissolve all the soap particle.
Cool for a while.
Titrate against N/2 std HCl from the burette using methyl orange as indicator.

CALCULATION:

Total alkali content as Na₂O = (Volume of HCl * Normality of HCl *3.1)/weight of the sample.

RESULT:

I was able to calculate the total alkali content as Na₂O in sunlight bar soap as 0.669 by taking 5gm of the sample.

What are the use of essential oil in soap making?

2010-05-03T07:28:00.000-07:00

Essential oils can add different properties & scents to your creations

What are the use of clays in soap?

2010-05-03T07:25:00.000-07:00

Clays can work to absorb oils & impurities from your skin...

What are the use of carrier oils in soap?

2010-05-03T07:22:00.000-07:00

They make up the majority of your soap ingredients...

About 'Alkali'

2010-03-03T00:28:00.000-08:00

Any base or hydroxide eg: soda, potash etc that is soluble in water & can neutralise acids.Commonly used alkali's are Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda & Potassium hydroxide or caustic potash

What are Soaps?

2010-03-02T21:50:00.000-08:00

Soaps are water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Soaps are made from fats & oils, or their fatty acids, by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.

Question

2010-02-11T06:01:00.000-08:00

What are the use of soap pigments?

Soap pigments are used in soaps for giving them color..

General Question

2010-02-04T21:54:00.000-08:00

Name the chemical name for soap : Sodium stearate

Determination Of The Percentage Of Alcohol Soluble & Insoluble In Washing Soap

2010-01-24T21:09:00.000-08:00

AIM :
To determine the percentage of alcohol soluble & insoluble in washing soap.

SOAP USED :
Here the soap used for analysis was sunlight bar soap.

APPARATUS:

250ml beaker
Electronic balance
Glass rod
Water bath
Funnel
Air oven
100ml conical flask

REQUIREMENTS:

2.5gm sliced sunlight bar soap
100cc 95% alcohol
Filter paper

PROCEDURE:

Given sunlight bar soap is made to small slices.
Weigh accurately 2.5gm of the sliced soap sample using an electronic balance.

Note the weight taken.
Put the weighed soap sample to a 250ml beaker.

Add 100cc 95 % alcohol.
Heat the beaker with the contents on a water bath.
StIr the contents in the beaker with a glass rod until the soap is dissolved.

Wash a 100ml conical flask

Dry it in an air oven,cool for a while & take the weight.
Note this weight.
Take a filter paper & note the weight

Filter the contents in the beaker through a funnel provided with the weighed filter paper to the previously weighed 100ml conical flask.
Washing is done twice with the alcohol & remove all the contents to the conical flask.

Distill off alcohol from the conical flask by placing it on a water bath.

Then dry the conical flask with the contents in a hot air oven, cool for a while & take the final weight.
CALCULATION: We have the weight of soap taken, weight of conical flask alone & the weight of conical flask with the contents.From this the percentage of alcohol soluble substance can be calculated. I was able to calculate the % of alcohol soluble substance in sunlight soap as 68.89
Don't dry the filter paper in oven.Keep it outside itself.When it is dried completely take the final weight of filter paper & its contents
CALCULATION: Weight of soap taken, weight of filter paper alone & the weight of filter paper with its contents are already noted. From this the % of alcohol insoluble substance is calculated. The % of alcohol insoluble substance in sunlight soap was calculated to be 15.44%

Determination of Total Fatty Matter (TFM) of Bathing Soap

2010-01-19T05:26:00.000-08:00

AIM :

To determine the TFM of bathing soap. Here i used the Medimix soap.

PRINCIPLE:

TFM is determined by titrating fatty acids by means of HCl & extracting oil & acid with ether.

APPARATUS:

2 separating funnels

250ml beaker :1

100ml conical flask :1

Electronic balance
Air oven

REQUIREMENTS:

Hot water
1:1 HCl

ether

soap sample

PROCEDURE:

The bathing soap is made into small slices.
Weigh 5gm of thoroughly mixed soap sample using an electronic balance.

Note the weight taken.

Add the weighed soap sample into a separating funnel.

Add 30ml hot water from a beaker & mix well.

Excess 1:1 HCl is added to decompose the soap, till acids float as a clear layer on the top, cool & add 50ml ether, mix well & separate.

The aqueous layer is taken in another separating funnel & extract with ether.

The combined ether extract were washed thrice with water to remove mineral acids & the contents were collected in a previously weighed 100ml conical flask.

Distill off ether from the conical flask & dry the conical flask ( with the contents) in a hot air oven to constant weight.

CALCULATION:

From the weight of soap taken, weight of conical flask alone & the weight of conical flask with the contents, the total fatty matter can be calculated. I was able to calculate the TFM of MEDIMIX soap as 57.98

Moisture Content Of Bathing Soap

2010-01-18T06:46:00.000-08:00

AIM:

To determine the moisture content of bathing soap.

Here i used the Medimix Soap.

APPARATUS, REQUIREMENTS & PROCEDURE are the same as that of determination of moisture content of washing soap.

RESULT:

The % of moisture content in medimix soap was calculated to be 16.185

Total Fatty Matter Of Washing Soap

2010-01-12T04:46:00.000-08:00

AIM:
To determine the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) of Washing Soap

PRINCIPLE:
TFM is determined by titrating fatty acids by means of HCl & extracting oil & acid with ether.

APPARATUS:

2 separating funnels
250ml beakers: 2
100ml conical flask : 1
Electronic balance.

.
REQUIREMENTS:

Soap sample
Hot water
1:1 HCl
Ether

PROCEDURE:

The washing bar soap is made into small slices.( fig: already shown in the previous post)
weigh 5gm of thoroughly mixed soap sample.

Note the weight taken & add the soap sample into a separating funnel.

From a beaker add 30ml hot water & mix well.

Excess 1:1 HCl is added to decompose the soap, till acids float as a clear layer on the top, cool & add 50ml ether,mix well & separate.
The aqueous layer is taken in another separating funnel & extract with ether.
The combined ether extract were washed thrice with water to remove mineral acids.
The contents are taken in a previously weighed 100ml conical flask.

Ether distilled off & dried to constant weight.

CALCULATION

From the weight of soap taken, weight of conical flask+ sample & the weight of conical flask alone, the Total Fatty Matter of Washing Soap can be calculated.

I was able to calculate the TFM of sunlight bar soap as 55.096.

Moisture Content Of Washing Soap

2010-01-05T05:50:00.000-08:00

Here the soap used was Sunlight Bar Soap

AIM:

To determine the moisture content of sunlight bar soap.

APPARATUS:

China dish, Electronic balance.,Oven

REQUIREMENTS:
Sliced sample of sunlight bar soap

PROCEDURE:

Wash the china dish.
Dry the china dish in an air oven, cool .
About 5gm of sliced soap sample is taken.
Note the weight.
This is added to the previously dried china dish.
Note the weight.
China dish with the sliced soap sample is dried in a hot air oven at 50- 60 degree for 1 hour.
Cool & take the weight.
From the loss of weight, the moisture content of washing soap can be calculated.

RESULT:

I was able to calculate the % of moisture in sunlight bar soap as 24.16

I hope this is an interesting simple experiment for everyone.